Stoneware is a vitreous or semi-vitreous ceramic A ceramic is an inorganic, non-metallic solid prepared by the action of heat and subsequent cooling. Ceramic materials may have a crystalline or partly crystalline structure, or may be amorphous . Because most common ceramics are crystalline, the definition of ceramic is often restricted to inorganic crystalline materials, as opposed to the non- ware of fine texture made primarily from non-refractory fire clay.[1]
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Defintion & description
A Chinese stoneware vase The vase is an open container, often used to hold cut flowers. It can be made from a number of materials including ceramics and glass. The vase is often decorated and thus used to extend the beauty of its contents from the Song Dynasty The Song Dynasty was a ruling dynasty in China between 960 and 1279; it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period, and was followed by the Yuan Dynasty. It was the first government in world history to issue banknotes or paper money, and the first Chinese government to establish a permanent standing navy. This dynasty also saw the first, 11th century.One widely recognized definition is from the Combined Nomenclature Council Regulation No 2658/87 of 23 July 1987, creates the goods nomenclature called the Combined Nomenclature, or in abbreviated form 'CN', established to meet, at one and the same time, the requirements both of the Common Customs Tariff and of the external trade statistics of the European Union of the European Communities, which states:
"Stoneware, which, though dense, impermeable and hard enough to resist scratching by a steel point, differs from porcelain Porcelain is a ceramic material made by heating raw materials, generally including clay in the form of kaolin, in a kiln to temperatures between 1,200 °C and 1,400 °C (2,552 °F). The toughness, strength, and translucence of porcelain arise mainly from the formation of glass and the mineral mullite within the fired body at these high because it is more opaque Opacity is the measure of impenetrability to electromagnetic or other kinds of radiation, especially visible light. In radiative transfer, it describes the absorption and scattering of radiation in a medium, such as a plasma, dielectric, shielding material, glass, etc. An opaque object is neither transparent nor translucent (allowing some light to, and normally only partially vitrified. It may be vitreous or semi-vitreous. It is usually coloured grey or brownish because of impurities in the clay used for its manufacture, and is normally glazed."[2]
Due to its high strength and durabilty stoneware has a wide range of uses, including: hotelware, kitchenware, cookware, garden products, electrical, chemical and laboratory ware. Formulations vary considerably, although the vast majority will conform to: plastic fire clays Fire clay is a specific kind of clay used in the manufacture of ceramics, especially fire brick. The fire attribution is given for its refractory characteristics. There are two types of fire clay: flint clay and plastic fire clay. The raw materials normally used for making fireclay refractories consist of natural argillaceous materials whose 0 - 100% , ball clays Ball clays are kaolinitic sedimentary clays, that commonly consist of 20-80% kaolinite, 10-25% mica, 6-65% quartz. Localized seams in the same deposit have variations in composition, including the quantity of the major minerals, accessory minerals and carbonaceous materials such as lignite. They are fine-grained and plastic in nature 0 - 15%, quartz, 0 - 30% feldspar Feldspars crystallize from magma in both intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks, as veins, and are also present in many types of metamorphic rock. Rock formed almost entirely of calcic plagioclase feldspar is known as anorthosite. Feldspars are also found in many types of sedimentary rock and chamotte Grog, also known as firesand and chamotte, is a ceramic raw material. It has high percentage of silica and alumina. It can be produced by firing selected fire clays to high temperature before grinding and screening to specific particle sizes. It can also be produced from pitchers. The particle size distribution is generally coarser in size than 0 - 15%[3]
Stoneware is generally once fired. Maximum firing temperatures can vary significantly, from 1100°C to 1300°C depending on the flux content[4]. More typically temperatures will be between 1180°C to 1280°C, the higher end of which equate to Bullers Rings Pyrometric devices gauge heatwork when firing materials inside a kiln. Pyrometric devices do not measure temperature, but can report temperature equivalents. The intention of the device is to give visually communicate any activity within the ware. In principle, a pyrometric device relates the amount of heat work on ware to a measurable shrinkage 38 to 40 & Seger cones 4 to 8 Pyrometric cones are pyrometric devices that are used to gauge heatwork during the firing of ceramic materials. The cones, often used in sets of three as shown in the illustration, are positioned in a kiln with the wares to be fired and provide a visual indication of when the wares have reached a required state of maturity, a combination of time. To produce a better quality fired glaze Glaze is a layer or coating of a vitreous substance which has been fired to fuse to a ceramic object to color, decorate, strengthen or waterproof it finish twice firing can be used, and this can be especially important for formulations composed of highly carbonaceous clays. For these, biscuit firing is around 900°C and glost firing 1180 - 1280°C. Water absorption of stoneware products is less than 1%[5][6].
Five categories have been suggested[7]:
- Traditional stoneware - a dense and inexpensive body. It is opaque, can be of any colour and breaks with a conchoidal or stony fracture. Traditionally made of fine-grained secondary, plastic clays which can used to shape very large pieces.
- Fine stoneware - made from more carefully selected, prepared and blended raw materials. It is used to produce tableware and art ware.
- Chemical stoneware - used in the chemical industry, and elsewhere when resistance to chemical attack is needed. Purer raw materials A raw material is something that is acted upon or used by or by human labor or industry, for use as a building material to create some product or structure.[citation needed] Often the term is used to denote material that came from nature and is in an unprocessed or minimally processed state. Iron ore, logs, and crude oil, would be examples. A non- are used than for other stoneware bodies. Ali Baba is a popular name for a large chemical stoneware jars of up to 5000 litres capacity used to store acids[8].
- Thermal shock resistant stoneware – has additions of certain materials to enhance the thermal shock Thermal shock is the name given to cracking as a result of rapid temperature change. Glass and ceramic objects are particularly vulnerable to this form of failure, due to their low toughness, low thermal conductivity, and high thermal expansion coefficients. However, they are used in many high temperature applications due to their high melting resistance of the fired body.
- Electrical stoneware - historically has been used for electrical insulators An insulator, also called a dielectric, is a material that resists the flow of electric current. An insulating material has atoms with tightly bonded valence electrons. These materials are used in parts of electrical equipment, also called insulators or insulation, intended to support or separate electrical conductors without passing current, although has been replaced by electrical porcelain.
Another type, Flintless Stoneware, has also been identified. It is defined in the UK Pottery (Health and Welfare) Special Regulations of 1950 as: "Stoneware, the body of which consists of natural clay to which no flint Flint is a hard, sedimentary cryptocrystalline form of the mineral quartz, categorized as a variety of chert. It occurs chiefly as nodules and masses in sedimentary rocks, such as chalks and limestones. Inside the nodule, flint is usually dark grey, black, green, white, or brown in colour, and often has a glassy or waxy appearance. A thin layer on or quartz Quartz is the second most abundant mineral in the Earth's continental crust, after feldspar. It is made up of a continuous framework of SiO4 silicon–oxygen tetrahedra, with each oxygen being shared between two tetrahedra, giving an overall formula SiO2 or other form of free silica The chemical compound silicon dioxide, also known as silica , is an oxide of silicon with a chemical formula of Si has been added."[9]
History and notable examples
The earliest example of stoneware is found in China China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity, naturally as an extension of higher temperatures achieved from early development of reduction firing.[10] From the various definitions of high-fired ceramics, it is agreed that the earliest stoneware is encountered in the late Shang dynasty The inscriptions on the oracle bones are divinations, which can be gleaned for information on the politics, economy, culture, religion, geography, astronomy, calendar, art and medicine of the period, and as such provide critical insight into the early stages of the Chinese civilization. One site of the Shang capitals, later historically called the in China, with large quantities in production by the Han dynasty The Han Dynasty was the second imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Qin Dynasty (221–206 BCE) and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms (220–265 CE). It was founded by the peasant rebel leader Liu Bang, known posthumously as Emperor Gaozu of Han. It was briefly interrupted by the Xin Dynasty (9–23 CE) of the former regent Wang Mang. This.[11][12][13]
Other notable historical examples include:
- American Stoneware The term American Stoneware refers to the predominant houseware of nineteenth century North America—stoneware pottery usually covered in a salt glaze and often decorated using cobalt oxide to produce bright blue decorations. The vernacular term "crocks" is often used to describe this type of pottery, though the term "crock" refers to the predominant houseware of nineteenth century North America.
- Bartmann jug A Bartmann jug , also called Bellarmine jug, is a type of decorated stoneware that was manufactured in Europe throughout the 16th and 17th centuries, especially in the Cologne region in what is today western Germany. The signature decorative detail was a bearded face mask appearing on the lower neck of the vessel. They were made as jugs, bottles - a type of decorated stoneware that was manufactured in Europe throughout the 16th and 17th centuries, especially in the Cologne Cologne (German: Köln, pronounced [ˈkœln] ; Kölsch dialect: Kölle [ˈkœɫə]) is Germany's fourth-largest city (after Berlin, Hamburg and Munich), and is the largest city both in the German Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia and within the Rhine-Ruhr Metropolitan Area, one of the major European metropolitan areas with more than ten region of Germany A region named Germania, inhabited by several Germanic peoples, has been known and documented before AD 100. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire, which lasted until 1806. During the 16th century, northern Germany became the centre of the Protestant Reformation. As a modern nation-state,.
- Böttger Ware - a dark red stoneware developed by Johann Friedrich Böttger. It is a very significant stage in the development of porcelain Porcelain is a ceramic material made by heating raw materials, generally including clay in the form of kaolin, in a kiln to temperatures between 1,200 °C and 1,400 °C (2,552 °F). The toughness, strength, and translucence of porcelain arise mainly from the formation of glass and the mineral mullite within the fired body at these high in Europe[14][15][16].
- Cane Ware - eighteenth-century English stoneware of a light brown colour; it was a considerable advance on the coarse pottery that preceded it but, for use as tableware, cane ware was soon displaced by white earthenware Earthenware is a common ceramic material, which is used extensively for pottery tableware and decorative objects. Although body formulations vary between countries and even between individual makers, a generic composition is 25% ball clay, 28% kaolin, 32% quartz, and 15% feldspar. Earthenware is one of the oldest materials used in pottery. While. During the 19th and the earlier part of the 20th century, however, cane ware continued to be made in South Derbyshire 1. High Peak 2. Derbyshire Dales 3. South Derbyshire 4. Erewash 5. Amber Valley 6. North East Derbyshire 7. Chesterfield 8. Bolsover 9. Derby and the Burton-on-Trent Burton upon Trent, also known as Burton-on-Trent or simply Burton, is a large town straddling the River Trent in the east of Staffordshire, England. Its associated adjective is "Burtonian" area as kitchen-ware and sanitary-ware; it had a fine-textured cane-coloured body with a white engobe on the inner surface often referred to as cane and white[17][18][19].
- Crouch Ware - light-coloured Staffordshire The largest city in Staffordshire is Stoke-on-Trent, which is administered separately from the rest of the county as an independent unitary authority. Lichfield also has city status, although this is a considerably smaller cathedral city. Major towns include Stafford , Burton upon Trent, Cannock, Newcastle-under-Lyme and Tamworth. Wolverhampton salt-glazed stoneware of the early 18th century. It is credited as being one of the earliest examples of stoneware made in England[20]. It was made from a clay from Crich, Derbyshire 1. High Peak 2. Derbyshire Dales 3. South Derbyshire 4. Erewash 5. Amber Valley 6. North East Derbyshire 7. Chesterfield 8. Bolsover 9. Derby , the word `crouch' being a corruption[21].
- Rosso Antico - a red unglazed stoneware made in England during the 18th century by Josiah Wedgwood Josiah Wedgwood was an English potter, credited with the industrialization of the manufacture of pottery. A prominent abolitionist, Wedgwood is remembered for his "Am I Not A Man And A Brother?" anti-slavery medallion. He was a member of the Darwin-Wedgwood family. He was the grandfather of Charles Darwin and Emma Darwin[22], and was a refinement of the red ware previously made in North Staffordshire by the Elers[23][24].
See also
References
- ^ Standard Terminology Of Ceramic Whiteware and Related Products. ASTM Standard C242.
- ^ Dictionary Of Ceramics. Arthur Dodd & David Murfin. 3rd edition. The Institute Of Minerals. 1994.
- ^ E-Learning item - Body Compositions. Ceram Research.
- ^ An Introduction To The Technology Of Pottery. Rado P. Pergamon Press, 1988
- ^ Whitewares: Production, Testing And Quality Control. W.Ryan & C.Radford. Pergamon Press / Insitute Of Ceramics, 1987
- ^ 'E-Learning item - Body Compositions'. Ceram Research.
- ^ Industrial Ceramics. Singer F., Singer S.S. Chapman Hall 1963
- ^ Dictionary Of Ceramics. Arthur Dodd & David Murfin. 3rd edition. The Institute Of Minerals. 1994.
- ^ Dictionary Of Ceramics. Arthur Dodd & David Murfin. 3rd edition. The Institute Of Minerals. 1994.
- ^ Sato, Masahiko. Chinese Ceramics: A Short History (1st edition). John Weatherhill, Inc. (1981), p.15.
- ^ Li, He. Chinese Ceramics: A New Comprehensive Survey. Rizzoli International Publications, Inc. New York, New York (1996), p. 39.
- ^ Rhodes, Daniel. Stoneware and Porcelain: The Art of High-Fired Pottery. Chilton Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (1959), p.7.
- ^ Ibid., p. 8.
- ^ The Discovery Of European Porcelain By Bottger - A Systematic Creative Development. W. Schule, W. Goder. Keram. Z. 34, (10), 598, 1982
- ^ 300th Anniversary. Johann Friedrich Bottger - The Inventor Of European Porcelain. Interceram 31, (1), 15, 1982
- ^ Invention Of European Porcelain. M. Mields. Sprechsaal 115, (1), 64, 1982
- ^ Dictionary Of Ceramics. Arthur Dodd & David Murfin. 3rd edition. The Institute Of Minerals. 1994.
- ^ http://www.wedgwood.com/GB/About_Wedgwood/_Design_and_Craftsmanship/Heritage_Products/Heritage_Products_Page_3
- ^ http://www.wedgwoodsocalif.org/caneware.html
- ^ Salt glazed stoneware. E.A.Barber. Hodder & Stoughton, 1907
- ^ http://www.encyclo.co.uk/define/crouch%20ware
- ^ http://www.wedgwood.com/GB/About_Wedgwood/_Design_and_Craftsmanship/Heritage_Products/Heritage_Products_Page_4
- ^ Wedgwood and his imitators. N.H.Moore. Frederick A. Stokes Company, 1909.
- ^ Dictionary Of Ceramics. Arthur Dodd & David Murfin. 3rd edition. The Institute Of Minerals. 1994.
Bibliography
- Combined Nomenclature of the European Communities - EC Commission in Luxembourg, 1987
External links
- Beardman jugs from the Avondster site -- Provides photographs and history of early Rhenish stoneware vessels, produced circa 1500s-1700s.
- Japanese stoneware in the collection of the Asia Society.
Categories: Ceramic materials Categories: Materials | Crystalline solids | Ceramic engineering | Pottery Categories: Art media | Arts and crafts | Crafts | Plastic arts | Ceramic art | Stoneware
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