Bone china is a type of porcelain Porcelain is a ceramic material made by heating raw materials, generally including clay in the form of kaolin, in a kiln to temperatures between 1,200 °C and 1,400 °C (2,552 °F). The toughness, strength, and translucence of porcelain arise mainly from the formation of glass and the mineral mullite within the fired body at these high that is composed of bone ash, feldspathic material Feldspars crystallize from magma in both intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks, as veins, and are also present in many types of metamorphic rock. Rock formed almost entirely of calcic plagioclase feldspar is known as anorthosite. Feldspars are also found in many types of sedimentary rock and kaolin Kaolinite is a clay mineral, part of the group of industrial minerals, with the chemical composition Al2Si2O54. It is a layered silicate mineral, with one tetrahedral sheet linked through oxygen atoms to one octahedral sheet of alumina octahedra. Rocks that are rich in kaolinite are known as china clay, white clay, or kaolin. It has been defined as 'ware with a translucent body containing a minimum of 30% of phosphate derived from animal bone and calculated calcium phosphate[1]. Developed by English potter Josiah Spode Josiah Spode was an English potter and the founder of the English Spode pottery works which became very famous for the quality of its wares. He is especially noted for the introduction of blue underglaze transfer printing into Staffordshire in 1781-84, and for the definition and introduction in c. 1789-91 of the improved formula for soft paste, bone china is known for its high levels of whiteness and translucency[2], and very high mechanical strength and chip resistance[3].

Contents

History

The first development of what would become known as bone china was made by Thomas Frye at his Bow porcelain factory near Bow in East London London is a leading global city being the world's largest financial centre alongside New York City, and has the largest city GDP in Europe. Central London is home to the headquarters of most of the UK's top 100 listed companies and more than 100 of Europe's 500 largest. London's influence in politics, finance, education, entertainment, media, in 1748. His factory was located very close to the cattle markets and slaughterhouses of Essex, and hence easy access to animal bones. Frye used up to 45% bone ash in his formulation to create what he called ‘fine porcelain.’ Although in quality it rivalled porcelain imported from Europe and China the factory was not a commercial success.[4][5]

Later, Josiah Spode Josiah Spode was an English potter and the founder of the English Spode pottery works which became very famous for the quality of its wares. He is especially noted for the introduction of blue underglaze transfer printing into Staffordshire in 1781-84, and for the definition and introduction in c. 1789-91 of the improved formula for soft paste in Stoke further developed the concept, and finalised his formulation sometime between 1789 and 1793. Amongst his developments was to abandon Frye’s procedure of calcining the bone together with some of the other body raw materials, instead calcining just the bone. Bone china quickly proved to be highly popular leading to it being introduced by other English pottery manufacturers.[6] Both Spode's formulation and business were successful: his formulation of 6 parts bone ash, 4 parts china stone and 3.5 parts china clay Kaolinite is a clay mineral, part of the group of industrial minerals, with the chemical composition Al2Si2O54. It is a layered silicate mineral, with one tetrahedral sheet linked through oxygen atoms to one octahedral sheet of alumina octahedra. Rocks that are rich in kaolinite are known as china clay, white clay, or kaolin remains the base for all bone china still, and it was only in 2009 that his company, Spode Spode was an English manufacturer of pottery and porcelain, based in Stoke-on-Trent, went into receivership before eventually being purchased by Portmeirion. [7][8]

From its initial development and up to the later part of the twentieth century, bone china was almost exclusively an English product, with production being effectively localised to Stoke-on-Trent Stoke-on-Trent ( pronunciation ; often abbreviated to Stoke) is a city in Staffordshire, England, which forms a linear conurbation almost 12 miles (19 km) long, with an area of 36 square miles (93 km2). Together with the Borough of Newcastle-under-Lyme Stoke forms The Potteries Urban Area. This, together with the rural Staffordshire Moorlands area,. [9]

Staffordshire bone china covered chocolate cup, with enamels and gilding, ca.1815-20 (Victoria and Albert Museum The Victoria and Albert Museum , in The Royal Borough of Kensington & Chelsea, London, England, is the world's largest museum of decorative arts and design, housing a permanent collection of over 4.5 million objects. Named after Prince Albert and Queen Victoria, it was founded in 1852, and has since grown to now cover some 12.5 acres (0.05 km2))

Production

The production of bone china is similar to porcelain, except more care is needed because of its lower plasticity In physics and materials science, plasticity describes the deformation of a material undergoing non-reversible changes of shape in response to applied forces. For example, a solid piece of metal or plastic being bent or pounded into a new shape displays plasticity as permanent changes occur within the material itself. In engineering, the and a narrower vitrification Glass transition or vitrification refers to the transformation of a glass-forming liquid into a glass, which usually occurs upon rapid cooling. It is a dynamic phenomenon occurring between two distinct states of matter , each with different physical properties. Upon cooling through the temperature range of glass transition (a "glass range. The traditional formulation for bone china is about 25% kaolin Kaolinite is a clay mineral with the chemical composition Al2Si2O54. It is a layered silicate mineral, with one tetrahedral sheet linked through oxygen atoms to one octahedral sheet of alumina octahedra. Rocks that are rich in kaolinite are known as china clay, white clay, or kaolin, 25% Cornish stone and 50% bone ash.[10] The bone ash that is used in bone china is made from cattle bones that have a lower iron content. These bones are crushed before being degelatinised and then calcined Calcination is a thermal treatment process applied to ores and other solid materials in order to bring about a thermal decomposition, phase transition, or removal of a volatile fraction. The calcination process normally takes place at temperatures below the melting point of the product materials. Calcination is to be distinguished from roasting, at up to 1250°C to produce bone ash[11]. The ash is milled to a fine particle size[12]. The kaolin component of the body is needed to give the unfired body plasticity which allows articles to be shaped.[13] This mixture is then fired at around 1200°C[14]. The raw materials for bone china are comparatively expensive, and the production is labour-intensive, which is why bone china maintains a luxury status and high pricing.[15]

Bone china consists of two crystalline phases, anorthite Anorthite is the calcium endmember of plagioclase feldspar. Plagioclase is an abundant mineral in the Earth's crust. The formula of pure anorthite is Ca (CaO.Al2O3.2SiO2) and ß-tricalcium phosphate Tricalcium phosphate is a compound with formula Ca32. It is also known as calcium orthophosphate, tertiary calcium phosphate, tribasic calcium phosphate, or "bone ash" (calcium phosphate being one of the main combustion products of bone) (3CaO.P2O5) embedded in a substantial amount of glass.[16]

Characteristics

Compared to most porcelain bodies, bone china has superior whiteness and translucency. Also, its high strength allows it to be produced in thinner cross-sections than other types of porcelain.[17]

See also

References

  1. ^ By The British Pottery Manfacturers Federation, and quoted in Dictionary Of Ceramics. Arthur Dodd & David Murfin. 3rd edition. The Institute Of Minerals. 1994.
  2. ^ Ozgundogdu, Feyza Cakir. “Bone China from Turkey” Ceramics Technical; May2005, Issue 20, p29-32.
  3. ^ 'Trading Places.' R.Ware. Asian Ceramics. November,2009, p.35,37-39
  4. ^ 'Trading Places.' R.Ware. Asian Ceramics. November,2009, p.35,37-39.
  5. ^ ‘Science Of Early English Porcelain.’ I.C. Freestone. Sixth Conference and Exhibition of the European Ceramic Society. Vol.1 Brighton, 20-24 June 1999, p.11-17
  6. ^ Karwatka, Dennis. “Josiah Spode and His World-Famous Pottery.” Tech Directions; Apr2009, Vol. 68 Issue 9, p12-12.
  7. ^ 'Trading Places.' R.Ware. Asian Ceramics. November,2009, p.35,37-39.
  8. ^ "Stoke kilns fired up for Spode again". Staffordshire Sentinel (Nortchliffe). 2009-04-24. http://www.thisisstaffordshire.co.uk/news/Stoke-kilns-fired-Spode/article-936167-detail/article.html. Retrieved 2009-04-25.
  9. ^ 'Trading Places.' R.Ware. Asian Ceramics. November,2009, p.35,37-39.
  10. ^ Birks, Steve. “Bone China” The Potteries. 17 Feb. 2003 <http://www.thepotteries.org/types/bonechina.htm>
  11. ^ ‘Production Of Bone Ash For The Manufacture Of Bone China.’ Industrial Ceramics. No.843,1989, p.767-770
  12. ^ Whitewares: Production, Testing And Quality Control. W.Ryan & C.Radford. Pergamon Press / Insitute Of Ceramics, 1987
  13. ^ Ozgundogdu, Feyza Cakir. “Bone China from Turkey” Ceramics Technical; May2005, Issue 20, p29-32.
  14. ^ Whitewares: Production, Testing And Quality Control. W.Ryan & C.Radford. Pergamon Press / Insitute Of Ceramics, 1987
  15. ^ 'Trading Places.' R.Ware. Asian Ceramics. November,2009, p.35,37-39.
  16. ^ ‘Pottery Science – materials, process and products.’ Allen Dinsdale. Ellis Horwood. 1986.
  17. ^ Ozgundogdu, Feyza Cakir. “Bone China from Turkey” Ceramics Technical; May2005, Issue 20, p29-32.
Porcelain Porcelain is a ceramic material made by heating raw materials, generally including clay in the form of kaolin, in a kiln to temperatures between 1,200 °C and 1,400 °C (2,552 °F). The toughness, strength, and translucence of porcelain arise mainly from the formation of glass and the mineral mullite within the fired body at these high
China

Chinese porcelain Chinese ceramic ware is an artform that has been developing since the dynastic periods. China is richly endowed with the raw materials needed for making ceramics. The first types of ceramics were made about 11,000 years ago, during the Palaeolithic era. Chinese Ceramics range from construction materials such as bricks and tiles, to hand-built · Chinese export porcelain · Chinese influences on Islamic pottery

Types: Proto-celadon (16th century BCE) · Celadon Celadon is a term for ceramics denoting both a type of glaze and a ware of a specific color, also called celadon. This type of ware was invented in ancient China, primarily in Zhejiang Province (1st century) · Yue (2nd century) · Jingdezhen (6th century) · Sancai The body of Sancai ceramics was made of white clay, coated with a layer of glaze, and fired at a temperature of 800 degrees Celsisus. Sancai is a type of lead-glazed pottery: lead oxyde was the principal flux in the glaze, often mixed with quartz in the proportion of 3:1. The polychrome effect was obtained by using as coloring agents copper , iron (8th century) · Ding (10th century) · Qingbai (12th century) · Blue and white "Blue and white wares" designate white pottery and porcelain decorated under the glaze with a blue pigment, generally cobalt oxide. The decoration is commonly applied by hand, by stencilling or by transfer-printing, though other methods of application have also been used (14th century) · Blanc de Chine (14th century) · Kraak (16th century) · Swatow (16th century) · Kangxi (17th century) · Famille jaune, noire, rose, verte (17th century) · Tenkei (17th century) · Canton (18th century)
Korea

Korean porcelain The Three Kingdoms of Korea , namely Silla, Goguryeo, and Baekje, provided the beginning of Korean ceramic history. Rough domestic wares for the people were produced from numerous kilns. Likewise a number of very sophisticated statues of royal figures, guardians, and horses, equivalent to Chinese Han Dynasty figures, used for domestic and imperial

Types: Joseon (14th century)
Japan

Japanese porcelain Japanese pottery and porcelain , one of the country's oldest art forms, dates back to the Neolithic period. Kilns have produced earthenware, pottery, stoneware, glazed pottery, glazed stoneware, porcelain, blue-and-white ware, and enamelware

Types: Imari Imari porcelain is the European collectors' name for Japanese porcelain wares made in the town of Arita, in the former Hizen Province, northwestern Kyūshū, and exported from the port of Imari, Saga, specifically for the European export trade. In Japanese, these porcelains are known as Arita-yaki (17th century) · Kakiemon Kakiemon wares were produced at the factories of Arita, Saga Prefecture, Japan from the mid-17th century, with much in common with the Chinese "Famille Verte" style. The superb quality of its enamel decoration was highly prized in the West and widely imitated by the major European porcelain manufacturers (17th century) · Kutani Kutani ware is a style of Japanese porcelain which was first produced in the mid 1650s in the area of Kanazawa, Komatsu, Kaga, and Nomi in Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan. Gotō Saijirō, a member of the Maeda clan, set up a kiln in the village of Kutani (now part of the city of Kaga) on the order of Maeda Toshiharu, ruler of the Kaga domain. The (17th century)
Europe

French porcelain · Chinese porcelain in European painting

Types: Fonthill Vase (1338) · Medici (1575) · Rouen (1673) · Nevers · Saint-Cloud (1693) · Meissen Meissen porcelain is the first European hard-paste porcelain that was developed from 1708 by Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus. After his untimely death that October, Johann Friedrich Böttger, continued his work and brought porcelain to the market, and he has often been credited with the invention. The production of porcelain at Meissen, near (1710) · Chantilly (1730) · Vincennes (1740) · Chelsea (1743) · Oranienbaum (1744) · Mennecy (1745) · Bow (1747) · Plymouth Plymouth porcelain was a hard paste porcelain made in the English county of Devon in the 18th century (1748) · Worcester (1751) · Sèvres (1756) · Derby (1757) · Wedgwood Wedgwood, strictly Josiah Wedgwood and Sons, is a British pottery firm, founded on May 1, 1759 by Josiah Wedgwood, which in 1987 merged with Waterford Crystal, creating Waterford Wedgwood, the Ireland-based luxury brands group. The company still exists as a subsidiary within the group, with its own board of directors and management team. Wedgwood (1759) · Etiolles (1770) · Limoges (1771) · Clignancourt (1775) · Revol (1789)
Technologies Soft-paste porcelain "Soft-paste porcelain" is a type of a ceramic material, but it lacks a more specific, universally agreed definition. Some writers have used the term for body formulations that combine clay and glass frit, mainly in the production of decorative figures and domestic wares in eighteenth century Europe, while others have used the term more · Hard-paste porcelain Hard-paste porcelain is a hard ceramic that was originally made from a compound of the feldspathic rock petuntse and kaolin fired at very high temperature. It was first made in China around the 9th century · Bone china · Factory mark
People Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus · Francois Xavier d'Entrecolles · Dmitry Ivanovich Vinogradov
This material Material is anything made of matter, constituted of one or more substances. Wood, cement, hydrogen, air and water are all examples of materials. Sometimes the term "material" is used more narrowly to refer to substances or components with certain physical properties that are used as inputs to production or manufacturing. In this sense,-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
This ceramic art In art history, ceramics and ceramic art mean art objects such as figures, tiles, and tableware made from clay and other raw materials by the process of pottery. Some ceramic products are regarded as fine art, while others are regarded as decorative, industrial or applied art objects, or as artifacts in archaeology. They may be made by one and design No generally-accepted definition of “design” exists, and the term has different connotations in different fields . Informally, “a design” (noun) refers to a plan for the construction of an object (as in architectural blueprints, circuit diagrams and sewing patterns) and “to design” (verb) refers to making this plan. However, one can-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
This industry Industry refers to the production of an economic good within an economy. There are four key industrial economic sectors: the primary sector, largely raw material extraction industries such as mining and farming; the secondary sector, involving refining, construction, and manufacturing; the tertiary sector, which deals with services (such as law-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

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Worth of a fine bone china bell with a picture of Coventry Cathedral on it by Healacraft of England?
Q. The bell is white with the cathedral done in burgundy. The words, "Coventry Cathedral", are in the upper right of the picture. There is a gold stripe around the base of the handle and the base of the bell. There is a dot of gold at the center of the end of the handle. The diameter of the base is approximately 3". The height is approximately 5". The Healacraft emblem, fine bone china and the made in England are on the inside of the bell. It is not signed or have any maker's mark that we could find.
Asked by Gloridean - Mon Apr 7 03:16:02 2008 - - 1 Answers - 0 Comments

A. Mate, you can easily google it. Google is got everything.
Answered by Tall Guy - Thu Apr 10 23:27:45 2008

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